The very first records of printing can be traced back when books were copied by hand and transferred to parchment. Then came the woodblock printing in Europe where a page was cut into wood before being printed out. 
 
The very first records of printing can be traced back when books were copied by hand and transferred to parchment. Then came the woodblock printing in Europe where a page was cut into wood before being printed out. A huge change came in 1400’s when Gutenberg developed the very first printing press where special and never-before-seen equipments were used for the entire process. However, it proved to be too slow and too expensive to print anything. But a breakthrough in printing solutions offered a solution. Together with the creation of computers came one of the fastest modes of printing: Digital printing. ...

SS Robin, the last remaining steam-coaster in the world, will be airlifted by two massive 600 ton cranes in a highly technical and challenging operation over June 27th & 28th. 
 
SS Robin, the last remaining steam-coaster in the world, will be airlifted by two massive 600 ton cranes in a highly technical and challenging operation over June 27th & 28th.  
 

Video of the SS Robin Lift Preparations included...

The sliding sash window existed in Europe as early as the thirteenth century. During this period windows were no more than vertical sliding timber shutters 
 
By the end of the sixteenth century sash windows had become glazed, horizontally sliding sash windows, and by the mid seventeenth century were superseded with vertical sliding sash windows, introduced mainly in France. This type of window was used in passageways and staircases, as casement windows (which opened inwards) could be an obstruction to the occupants
•    It was during the post restoration period, with the nobility returning from France, that much of the sophisticated architecture of the vertical sliding sash window crossed the Channel to England. It is believed that one of the first fully glazed vertical ...

The Interborough Rapid Transit subway, which broke ground in 1900 after many years of political maneuvering, was not the first attempt at transit tunneling in New York City. Several other groups attempted to build tunnel lines with varying degrees of success. Probably the most well known of these early attempts, at least in terms of subway lore, was an 1870 demonstration line, the Beach Pneumatic Transit.
Alfred Ely Beach, inventor and editor of Scientific American, had designed a pneumatic (air-driven) system which he demonstrated at the American Institute Fair in 1867, and he thought it viable for transit operation in underground tunnels. He applied for a permit from the Tammany Hall city government, and after being denied, decided to build the line in secrecy, in an attempt to show that subterranean transit was practical. (He ...

Pylyp Orlyk was born on October 11, 1672 in Kosuta (modern day Belarus) and died on May 26, 1742 in Iaşi (modern day Romania). He was a Zaporozhian Cossack officer, Hetman in exile, diplomat, and secretary to and close associate of Hetman Ivan Mazepa. Pylyp Orlyk first studied at the Jesuit college in Vilnius, Lithuania and until 1694 at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. In 1699 he became a senior member of Hetman Ivan Mazepa's General Military Chancellery and in 1706 was appointed general chancellor. At that position, he was Mazepa's closest aide, facilitated Mazepa's secret correspondence with the Poles and Swedes, and assisted Mazepa in his efforts to form an anti-Russian coalition. After the Battle of Poltava in 1709, he fled together with Hetman Ivan Mazepa and King Charles XII of Sweden to Bender in the Principality of Moldavia, where Mazepa soon died. Pylyp Orlyk was then chosen by the Ukrainian Cossacks as their Hetman in exile. While in Bender, he wrote the first state constitution in Europe, known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk or the Bendery Constitution.

The Clovis Conundrum
 
Michael K. Faught wants to fill in the gaps in the story of the earliest Americans.
The Clovis theory of how the Americas were populated is that migrating big game hunters walked from Asia to Alaska, followed an ice-free corridor through Canada and then chased mastodons, giant sloths and other animals across the continent and into extinction. But scientists working in both Canada and Brazil have uncovered evidence that is inconsistent with the Clovis timeline. Faught agrees with others who propose that when an ice-free corridor did allow access to the interior there were people already on the landscape. Thus there may be more than one kind of Paleo-Indian and they may have come from more than one direction.
The first people to arrive in America are identified by the fluted (grooved at the base) projectile points they made and first found near Clovis, New ...

Jewish battalion in Ukrainian Galician Army
Jewish soldiers in the struggle for a Ukrainian state
 
By Sviatoslav LYPOVETSKY
 
The relationships between Ukrainians and Jews have had many examples of both cooperation and misunderstandings, which left an imprint on people’s memory and have survived in our present views. Yet the history of the Jewish Battalion in the Ukrainian Galician Army (UGA) still remains unknown even now, 90 years after it was formed, although the formation of this unit should be taken as a model of interethnic understanding.
THE PHENOMENON OF GALICIAN JEWRY
Speaking of the historical context of Ukrainian-Jewish relationships and their special features in Galicia, one should point out at once that this part of the Ukrainian lands has never seen such a steep escalation of conflicts as in Left- and Right-Bank Ukraine in the times of Bohdan ...

Ukraine's suffering still overlooked by world
By Alexander J. Motyl, Special to Kyiv Post
_________________________________________________________________________________
How can this blindness be explained?
Nazi Germany’s greatest war crime is the Holocaust, of course, but the genocides against Ukrainians and Belarusians constitute a close second. And yet, while the Holocaust is common knowledge, few know much about the extermination of Ukrainians and Belarusians — and Germans may know about this least of all. The tragedy of these peoples’ suffering in the war has been compounded by the world’s almost complete ignorance and indifference.
That lamentable condition may be about to change, if only among professional historians. In a ground-breaking article that was published in the July 16 issue of The New York Review of Books, Yale University historian ...

HOLODOMOR: METAGENOCIDE IN UKRAINE – ITS ORIGINS AND WHY IT’S NOT OVER
Seventy-five years after the most brutal ethnic genocide in history, Russia’s goal to eradicate all things Ukrainian remains.
Article by Peter Borisow, New York, New York
Canadian American Slavic Studies, Vol. 42, No. 3, (Fall 2008). Pg. 251-265
Charles Schlacks, Publisher, Idyllwild, CA
As Ukrainians wind up the 75th Year to Commemorate the Holodomor, they can look back on the real progress that they have made in educating people around the world about the genocide in Ukraine in 1932-1933. Well over thirty-five countries as well as the European Union have recognized the inhuman sufferings during the Holodomor and many, including the United States House of Representatives, have agreed it was deliberate genocide against the Ukrainian people.
A massive Holodomor Memorial Complex is being built ...

‘There will be no forgiveness’
by James Marson, Kyiv Post, Staff Writer   
Thousands came to the Bykivnya mass grave northeast of Kyiv on May 17 to remember an estimated 100,000 victims of Stalin’s repressions.
Late at night at the end of the 1930s, tram number 23 would rattle its way from Kyiv to Brovary with a grim cargo on board: dead bodies. Victims of the NKVD, the predecessor of the KGB, they were on the way to be tossed into mass graves at Bykivnya forest.
On May 17, several thousand people gathered at the memorial center in the forest to mark Ukraine’s Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression and remember those destroyed by the Soviet machine.
“Here, at Bykivnya, Stalin and his monstrous hangmen killed the bloom of Ukraine,” said President Victor Yushchenko in a speech at the event. “There is no ...

By Volodymyr SERHIICHUK

HISTORICAL FACTS TESTIFY: STALIN “CARED” ABOUT ALL PEOPLES BUT PAID ESPECIALLY CLOSE “ATTENTION” TO UKRAINIANS

The building where over 700 children starved to death in 1932–33 is still there

By Olha BOHLEVSKA, Zaporizhia

Author: Christina Lidia Dykun

A voice must be given to those millions forgotten by the world, who perished, and whose personal stories were silenced for decades. It is in the fields of Ukraine where Europe’s breadbasket is found, and it is in the same fields where millions of Ukrainians now rest. The Flag of Ukraine – with its brilliant blue of the surrounding sky, and the golden yellow of the bountiful wheat fields below, should remain an epitaph for the triumph and will of a people, who overcame adversity, and found freedom. Their story must be told.

By Stephan Bandera

One recurring question in Holodomor discourse is "So why didn't Ukrainians fight back?" when they in fact did: forced collectivization began in 1928 with Stalin's first five year command economy performance plan.  In 1930, more than 4,000 uprisings, involving 1.2 million villagers, took place throughout Soviet Ukraine according to Ukraine's Institute of National Memory. After five years, the population was physically exhausted and 1932-33 was easy pickings for armed GPU (State Political Administration) cavalry and infantry units that isolated farms, entire districts into starvation by taking everything that was left – including sowing seeds.

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SOVIET GENOCIDE IN UKRAINE

by RAFAEL LEMKIN
Sosyura "Love Ukraine"

You cannot ...

The Kyivan Academy and its Impact on the Establishment of Higher Education in Imperial Russia by Ihor Cap For Ukrainians, science and culture flourished under the leadership of academicians of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, which obtained its status as an Academy in 1658 (See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Mohyla_Academy ). Its impact on the establishment of higher learning and Ukrainian consciousness is certain. Its role in the establishment of higher education in Imperial Russia is also convincing.

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ПОСОЛЬСТВО УКРАЇНИ В АВСТРАЛІЇ
EMBASSY OF UKRAINE IN AUSTRALIA
Suite 12:1 St George Centre
60 ...